In your own words, explain why Stephen Jay Gould believes that Samuel Morton’s work was not a case of conscious fraud (bottom of page 86 through page 88–there are a bunch of data tables on these pages so don’t think the task of finding the answer is too onerous)? Gould states that he does not believe Morton’s work to be a case of conscious fraud because, “He would not have published his date so openly”. He also says that conscious fraud is very rare in science, for the simple fact that it’s not interesting and tells little of the nature of scientific activity. Along with the fact that, if you can find prejudice in Morton’s work, you can find it in anything else.

• Claim–what is the writer’s thesis statement? Those of African ancestry are naturally inferior to whites.
• Reasons– a reason the writer provides that his thesis statement is true or at least valid. God created the differences between the races, therefore the natural creator made it this way.
• Evidence– the testimony of experts; summary/paraphrasing/direct quotation of reputable source that studies the issue at hand; the presentation of data from an empirical study; anecdotal (not systematic or rigorously recorded) observations that backs a reason you (as the analyst) have called out. One piece of evidence is slavery being rudimentary condition. Another piece of evidence he declares is that it would be unnatural for African Americans to have similar rights to the white man. He uses the idea that if African Americans can vote, they will act out of resentment.
• Warrant– the unstated belief/values that tie the reason and evidence combo to the claim The belief that God created the inferior race to assist and be a leverage for the more superior white man
• Counterargument–the presentation of the writer’s opponent’s argument The idea of prejudice being irrelevant because Morgan says its always been this way and it’s the right way.
• Rebuttal– the writer explaining the flaws in her/his opponent’s argument Morgan basically says that it would be unnatural for African Americans to be held to the same respect and power as whites, therefore it’s wrong. He always uses fear to convince readers that if African American’s have these rights, they will ruin the country.

The intended audience would be people that John Morgan can convince about the quality of African Americans and voters. The Gap of ‘The Race Question’ is coming to the conclusion of African Americans being inferior to Whites. Morgan’s purpose for his piece is to get voters on his side. Morgan uses fear as his rhetorical appeal to persuade readers into taking his side on the issue.